Reproduction and ultrasound. examination in cattle free download

A rare type of roundworm that can infect dogs is the raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis B. Dogs may become infected via ingestion of infectious eggs or infected hosts such as rodents, rabbits, and birds.

According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, because of the potential for the B. Tapeworms are an intestinal parasite that dogs acquire by eating infected fleas or by consuming wild animals infested with tapeworms or fleas. Dipylidium caninum is the most common type of tapeworm found in dogs in the U. It can be passed from fleas to dogs, giving you one more reason to take flea prevention seriously. Infected dogs may pass segments of tapeworms in their stool.

These may be visible and resemble little pieces of rice. Sometimes affected dogs may scoot their bottoms along the ground. If your vet finds eggs or tapeworm segments, your dog will receive a treatment regimen to eliminate the tapeworms. A drug is administered orally or by injection.

Treatment also involves ridding any fleas from your dog and your home environment. Hookworms are intestinal parasites that cause anemia in dogs and can be fatal in puppies if left untreated. Several different kinds of hookworms can affect dogs. Infected dogs can pass hundreds of microscopic eggs in their stool, where they hatch and can remain alive in soil for as long as several months. A dog may eat the infected dirt or lick it from the bottom of its paws, or sniff infected dog feces.

Humans can also become infected with hookworms. Hookworms are diagnosed with a microscopic examination of a stool sample called fecal flotation, when the stool is mixed with a solution that causes the hookworm eggs to float to the top. Dogs are treated with deworming medications , usually administered twice — to catch the adult worms and then two-to-four weeks later to catch those that are newly developed.

Dogs get whipworms from ingesting an infested substance, which can include soil, food, water, feces, or animal flesh. The eggs can survive for up to five years in suitable environments warm and moist , which is one of the reasons why cleaning up after your dog immediately is so important for general sanitation and health.

But in severe cases, they can lead to inflammation, weight loss, diarrhea, and occasionally anemia. Whipworm eggs are not as easy to find on all fecal samples and false negatives are not uncommon, which is why repeat fecal exams are recommended if your dog is exhibiting signs of blood in their stool. Of all of the types of worms in dogs, the most worrisome — and the most preventable — are heartworms. Mosquitoes transmit the parasite, and since avoiding mosquitoes is nearly impossible in most places, vets recommend regular heartworm preventatives to keep your dog safe.

Before turning to the presentation of ultrasound images, I believe it is important to place the applicability of this technology to the daily practice of reproductive examination in its true perspective. Why should we forego an improvement in the quality of our reproductive service and fail to open the doors to such a valuable source of additional information such as that offered by ultrasound?

In order to allow the reader to make their own judgement of its value, the principal arguments, both economic and technical, which are normally put forward, will be listed, and as the author, I shall give my personal opinion on the matter. It is clear that the use of ultrasonography and hormone measurement have provided research with a basis for a greater understanding of the reproductive cycle. They can provide new techniques which can be applied in routine examination.

Their cost therefore more than justifies their use in this area. However, the majority of veterinary surgeons are not directly involved in research.

The clinician therefore has to obtain the best return possible from a considerable investment in daily practice. With the use of ultrasonography, a veterinary surgeon is improving the quality of their service.

Therefore it is the farmer who should bear an increased bill. As can be seen from this book, a dairy farmer should not assume that a cow is pregnant without having it confirmed on an ultrasound screen.

There is no room for guesswork in an early positive diagnosis by palpation that may then be followed by an oestrus. Embryonic death does occur, and can be demonstrated by ultrasound imaging. Furthermore, the correct use of an ultrasound scanner entails additional visits, as the initial diagnosis of gestation requires an ultrasound visit to confirm the pregnancy, which could coincide with foetal sexing, as.

All this results in a better service to the farmer, which should have economic benefits, as his business will be more profitable. The veterinary surgeon should assume that the use of an ultrasound scanner will provide him, as an expert, with added value compared to other procedures, including the possibility of going into more detailed technical aspects of research to which he previously did not have access.

With this in mind, there is little alternative but to accept that the veterinary surgeon, too, must bear a part of the cost, as it is very difficult to write off the equipment solely by means of passing on the cost to the farmer. Clinicians such as myself have no alternative but to accept this economic burden and its effects, as the day will come when our clients will expect and demand ultrasound imaging, and we have to be prepared for this. The ultrasound scanner Structure of the ultrasound scanner The ultrasound scanner consists of the following parts: Transducer or probe Any device which converts one type of energy to another is called a transducer.

Thus, a sound transducer converts electrical energy into sound energy and vice versa e. The ultrasound transducer is responsible for converting an electrical signal with ultrasound-capable frequencies into an ultrasound pressure signal that is propagated through air. This can result in a lower quality of life and can sometimes be fatal. But the good news is that a stroke is not always life-altering. Long-term prognosis is good in dogs who are treated early and given the supportive care they need.

Gary Richter , owner and medical director of Montclair Veterinary Hospital in Oakland, California, explains that spinal strokes often cause partial or complete paralysis of one or more limbs, depending on where in the spinal cord they occur.

He also points out that not all strokes are definitively diagnosed. The signs of a stroke can be subtle and hard to notice. There are no warning signs to indicate that a stroke is about to happen, and Dr. If left untreated, the problem can worsen in a short period of time. The longer treatment is put off, the greater the chance for permanent neurological damage. However, it is important to note that other conditions can cause similar signs.

Idiopathic Vestibular Syndrome , in particular, is a common condition of older dogs that can mimic the signs of a stroke. The vestibular system is a delicate array of structures located in the inner ear and brain, which helps dogs maintain balance and coordinate the position of their head, eyes, and legs.

According to Dr. Jerry Klein, Chief Veterinary Officer of the American Kennel Club, any disruption to the vestibular system can cause symptoms such as head tilt, loss of balance, falling or rolling to one side, circling, trouble walking, and abnormal eye movements.

Because disruptions to the inner ear can make dogs extremely dizzy, pet owners may also notice signs such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. Although these signs can be frightening, the good news is that most dogs recover from vestibular disease. Klein notes that while some may continue to have a head tilt, most dogs regain their sense of balance and do just fine.

McCue, ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes occur most commonly in older dogs. Spinal strokes are more common in larger, more active breeds.

Strokes also tend to occur more often in dogs that have concurrent health problems.